Which of the following words with a prefix require a hyphen?

In the context of hyphenation rules in English, it is important to recognize specific instances where a hyphen is necessary for clarity or grammatical correctness. Choices that involve prefixes can be quite specific:

Words with a prefix (like "pre-", "self-", "un-", etc.) may require a hyphen in certain cases to avoid confusion or to maintain clarity in meaning. For example, in the case of abbreviations, using a hyphen can help delineate the prefix from the base word, such as in "pre-UCS." This aids readers in processing the term without misinterpretation.

Self compounds, like "self-esteem," benefit from hyphenation as well, which correctly illustrates that the "self" functions as a modifier to the concept of "esteem," creating a compound that conveys a single idea rather than two separate words.

Additionally, words that could be misunderstood or misread necessitate the use of a hyphen. In the example "un-ionized," the hyphen clarifies that the prefix applies specifically to the base word "ionized," thus preventing any potential ambiguity in the reading of that term.

Given these considerations, all the mentioned categories – abbreviations, self compounds, and instances of possible misunderstanding – correctly require hyphen